Unfolded Physics

The easiest way to represent and understand the interaction of subatomic particles is by using Feynman Diagrams. In theoretical physics, this method is used as a pictorial representation of the mathematical expressions of the behaviour of subatomic particles. This method was given by one of the famous scientist and lecturer  Richard Phillips  Feynman.   These diagrams are used to calculate the most difficult equations using diagrams. For example collision of two electrons: When two electrons collide they interact with each other and scatter apart. The interaction happens as follows: When two electrons are brought together they repel each other and move apart. This repulsion takes place due to the exchange of the gauge bosons. Gauge boson exchange is otherwise known as the exchange of particle or information. These are virtual particles. Here photons are the exchange particle involved. The photon released from one particle hits another electron and changes...

Yes, this theory is opted by almost all the scientist and observers of different disciplines especially the domains which cannot give well-defined experimental results. This approach was given by Paul Dirac in 1927.  It was later named as the Fermi's golden rule. Perturbation Theory is a mathematical analysis to find an estimated solution from the exact solution to the similar and simplest problem. THE BASIC IDEA BEHIND THE PERTURBATION THEORY This simple example can cheer you up: While making the tea we don't take a weighing machine to calculate the amount of tea powder to add to the milk boiling. We just take an approximate amount which we feel perfect. This happens in science too !!! As to understand this amazing approach in a more comprehensive mode we have to know a little mathematics. The sine series   This is the graph of a sine function. The series equation is     Here we take the expansion of sine se...

LASERs play a very vital role in many fields and industries. What makes it so special? It's characteristics. Lasers have: 1.High directionality 2.High monochromaticity 3.A high degree of coherence 4.High brightness So let's understand each one in detail. 1. High directionality: The lasers are made of active medium placed in between two reflecting resonator mirrors one which can partially reflect and the other which can fully reflect the light. Any photon travelling in a direction away from the cavity axis reflects away by the mirrors within a few reflections and is thus not allowed to propagate further, thus the beam drawn from the output mirror is highly parallel and directional. The degree of directionality is expressed as the divergence .  Minimum spot point:  The curvature of the mirror confines the light within the cavity and causes the beam to narrow down to a radius w o    and this is called a minimum spot point. The ...

LASER stands for Light Amplification through Stimulated Emission. The theoretical basis was given by Albert Einstein and the first laser was developed by T.H. Mainmann. LASERs work on 3 main processes. They are Stimulated Absorption, Spontaneous Emission and Stimulated Emission . Stimulated Absorption: When a photon with energy hf, is incident on an electron of an atom present in the ground state, the electron excites to higher energy levels by absorbing the photon. This process is directly proportional to the number of electrons in the ground state.  Spontaneous Emission: The excited electron stays for 100 nanoseconds in the excited state and then emits a photon i.e, releases energy which is equal to the difference between energies of the higher energy level and the minimum energy level, to get back to ground state. This process is directly proportional to the number of electrons in the excited state. Stimulated Emission: When the electron moves to a metastab...

           HEISENBERG'S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE   It becomes a bit perplexing and puzzling to know that if you are reduced into a quantum sized body then your position and momentum are not certain. If you are not aware of anything like this before then it surely puts your mind into the blank area where this statement raises numerous questions and some don't even agree with this. But this statement is the foundation of the quantum theories which have remarkably and marvellously changed the entire world's thinking towards science. It looks nonsensical to say that you are present everywhere in a probable region and your position is uncertain till someone measures it at a certain time. But it is true no matter what we think. The statement says that we cannot know both the position and momentum of a subatomic particle simultaneously. This theory says that the change in momentum times the change in position is always greater than or...

Imaginary time is not like the Real-time we experience in our day to day life which is classified as past, present and future. It is a very bizarre idea introduced by Stephen W.Hawking. Imaginary time is right angled to real time. It was introduced to eliminate the theory of Creator of God from the Universe.     It is used to remove singularities which avoid the laws of physics to break. It can be seen in MINKOWSKI SPACE-TIME model which was adopted by the theory of relativity. Real-time has a beginning which is called a big bang and an end which is called a big crunch. But Imaginary time has no beginning and no end rather it has a closed surface like a sphere. We do not have a start and end for a sphere. The imaginary time direction could be from the south pole. As one goes towards the north from the south pole, the latitudes which are uniformly placed inflates and reach the maximum at the equator and again contract to a single point at the North pole. Even thou...

Gravitational Waves are  assumptions from the curious minds ever, Albert Einstein. They are the ripples caused in space-time sheet due to the motion of masses . Gravitational waves are produced whenever masses accelerate, changing the distortion of space-time fabric. Everything with mass and /or energy can cause ripples. As gravitational waves rolls by it will squeeze and stretch anything in its path but in a very infinitesimally small change which makes it extremely difficult to detect. So to detect these ripples we use the idea of the time taken by the light to travel is more when the distance increases and less when distance decreases, which is what the principle used in the interferometer. Thus LIGO experiment comes into the picture. LIGO - Laser Interference Gravitational-wave Observatory. Here 4km long tunnels are set up where lasers are used to measure the change in distance between the ends of the tunnels. So when Gravitational wave ...

SCHRODINGER'S CAT is a thought experiment by Erwin Schrodinger to make the world understand that quantum particles exist in a superposition. Quantum theory states that quantum particles can achieve more than one state simultaneously. SCHRODINGER'S CAT EXPERIMENT: If we put a cat in a strong box with a radioactive sample which has 50 per cent of chances of decaying and closes the box, it is very confusing for the observer outside to guess whether the cat is dead or alive after a period of time.              So before opening the box, we can say that the cat is in superposition. That is it's in the state of both dead and alive. But if we open the box and observe we may find the cat in only one state that is the state of dead or alive. This means that quantum particles exist in different states but when observed takes a single state. And according to multiverse theory or many worlds theory, the universe achieves all the pos...

Newtonian Mechanics don't work in the quantum world. Quantum objects are very microscopic that they can't be located but they can be probably located. And this probability can be determined by using wave functions of the quantum particles Wave function gives us the probabilities of where the electron is likely to be. The act of not knowing where the electron is, allows its probability distribution to be spread out over a large space kind of wave. Therefore  wave function is the function which describes the wave shape of the probability distribution of the electron . The Heisenberg Uncertainty principle says that we can't predict the exact position and momentum of the quantum objects. But we can know about things like Energy levels and wave functions. THE SCHRODINGERS WAVE EQUATION :                                                       ...

Scientists are often astonished observing the moment of things around, on their own with no visible force acting on them.  When two mirrors which are later called the Casimir plates, placed in a strong box maintaining one-atmosphere pressure at 100 nanometers apart move towards each other with no well-known forces between. Here comes the Casimir effect into the picture. This was discovered by Hendrick Casimir in 1948 and named after him. To understand the Casimir effect we have to first know these bullet points: Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle proposes that both the position and momentum of a subatomic particle cannot be determined simultaneously.                                                                                         ...